孪生陌生人

当时心理学行为主义在美国是最大势力，这样的研究虽然违背道德，但是当时的心理学家根本就没有我们现在这样的意识，不能全然归过于他们。就像新行为主义学派的斯金纳所说的行为是尝试错误的过程一样，时代也是这样，在不断的试错过程中得到发展(就像最终行为主义的创始人华生最终被大家所指责，最后就淡出了心理学领域的研究)，不然说不定你我就是被拿来实验的双胞胎。

行为主义所做的贡献也不小，日常你训练你家宠物难道用的不是行为主义那一套吗？

We would prefer that we have some influence over our lives. Wouldn't you rather know that, that you have some control over this? and so finding out，never mind, doesn't matter what you do.so I think it's upsetting for people to see how little control they have.we don't like that. we fight that.

Genes and the environment are close competitors. You could say that we drift in the direction that our genes tell us to go, but it doesn't mean we are distined to be one person or another.

不可否认，这项实验确实是一项无法复制的monumental study。虽然是外围，但老太太在片子里的话都很点睛，也相对客观冷静（又美又优雅是她了）。很想知道实验结论，不相信实验结论能定义什么，单纯好奇。无论实验与否，自己的人生都只有一次，如何度过，每个人都有选择权。

一开始以为是巧合，三兄弟多年后重聚的喜剧，可是到后来，越来越不一样，一层一层的剥开，发现三兄弟的一切都是被设计好的。

像小白鼠一样，一举一动被人操控着，而且自己都不知道被操控。非常不可思议，些许反伦理的行为，在上世纪九十年代的心理学狂潮中被人们认为是正常的。实验进行了很多年，等到三兄弟发现真相的时候，三兄弟之中的一个——艾迪，已经自杀了。

实验将患有精神疾病的父母所生的双胞胎或者三胞胎分别寄养在不同的家庭，让他们接受不同的教育成长环境，当然，他们都是携带精神疾病基因的人，结果证明，后天成长环境对一个人的影响是比先天基因大的多的。

怎么出来的这个结果呢？艾迪的自杀证明的。

三兄弟中，只有艾迪进入了一个跟自身性格完全不同的家庭环境，继父是严谨的管理者，艾迪是天生的浪漫主义者，两个完全不同的人，在继父家里，所有的一切都不那么如意，所以艾迪成长的环境是压抑的，他也有一个失常的青春期，在医院度过的青春期，精神科。

知道艾迪自杀身亡，继父都不知道艾迪为什么自杀，他一直以为自己没有教给他足够的知识，没有教给他如何处理生活中的困难，但是，显而易见，艾迪的自杀跟他的教育方式有关系。

可是，这并不能责怪艾迪的继父，他以自己认为的最好的教育给了艾迪，只能说，这个实验本身就是一个错误。

影片中也说了，知道参与实验的所有人都去世以后才会公布实验结果，但是看完电影，大家都知道了结果。

后天的良好培养胜过基因。

先天的 DNA，和后天的生活环境，在人的一生中究竟产生什么样的影响？这的确是一个关乎你我他的大问题。

美国某著名心理学家在某财团的资助下，将一些同卵孪生弃婴，分散安置到他暗中筛选出来的家庭中生活，并长年偷偷观察。十九年后，纪录片《孪生陌生人》（Three Identical Strangers，2018）说的这孪生三兄弟意外重逢，并成了全美明星，知情权等问题引发社会大众的非议，这实验就终止了。相关的研究资料，被封存在图书馆至 2066 年。

由于资料保密，这部纪录片能说到的，只是该事件的冰山一角。实验能否为前面那个大问题给出答案，暂时还不得而知。

由于这类让人从婴儿起就充当小白鼠的实验实在说不过去，人类若好奇心大发，还是先去翻翻存世的经典文献，看看是否已经写好了答案再说吧，最好先别搞人。

2018.10.16 http://william-ho.lofter.com/post/6c3aa_12b840224

The title "Three Identical Strangers" seems strange and full of mystery. On the one hand, there is a conflict between the words "identical" and "Strangers". On the other hand, it piqued my curiosity, so I wanted to find out what happened with these three people.

This documentary begins with a dramatic coincidence. After a series of weird events, Bobby Shafran, 19, met his brother Eddy Galland, whom had never known before, on his first day at Sullivan County Community College in New York. Both Shafran and Galland were adopted, born on the same day, and even looked exactly the same. Those clues confirmed that they are identical brothers without doubt.

三胞胎

However, the story didn't come to an end. Galland answered a call after the local newspaper published their reunion after 19 years’ separation. The person on the other end of the call was named David Kellman. He surprisingly asserted that he might be the third…Twin strangers came to be the Triplets.

Shafran, Galland, and Kellman's story thus far became popular. They were interviewed on several TV shows, and people were not only shocked by the reunited story, but also by their same tastes and mannerisms even though they hadn't known each other when they were growing up.

The triplets played roles in Madonna's Movie Desperately Seeking Susan.

神秘约会 (1985)

7.1

1985 / 美国 / 剧情 喜剧 爱情 / 苏珊·塞德尔曼 / 罗姗娜·阿奎特 麦当娜

The triplets started their family-run restaurant in New York. And all of them married their true love. Nevertheless, this delight was only the calm before the storm. Galland killed himself in 1995 because of depression. Then the movie raises strange questions:

Where were their biological parents?

Why were the triplets were separated at birth?

The movie leads us to an unexpected answer – everything the triplets experienced was for a long-term psychological study. Louise Wise Service, the Jewish adoption agency that handled the triplet adoption case in the 1950s, secretly worked for a group of psychology researchers who were lead by Dr. Neubauer. The agency used to separate many twins and triplets that needed to be adopted. Shafran, Galland and Kellman were placed separately in three different income families: one in the upper-class, one in the middle-class and the other in the working-class family. The triplets all remember a group of researchers who regularly observed and recorded them when they were very young.

At first, the movie suspected that psychologists studied the genetic problems of mental illness, because some of the adopted kids and their biological parents suffered from depression, and some even committed suicide just like Galland. Nonetheless, the real purpose of this study that separated at least 50 twins and triplets was to examine the debate of Nature Versus Nurture.

This documentary has left a very deep impression on me. Not only does it tell an incredibly real story, but the storytelling structure of this movie design is also very tricky and fascinating: Audiences cannot easily guess the plot of the story. The first hour was bright. Galland, Shafran and Kellmen reunited and became famous. Thus when the film first asked why the triplets were separated after birth, I didn't think this would cause a big problem. But as the story progressed, especially when Shafran and Kellmen recalled the death of Galland, I began to question whether this separation was ethical. What’s more, this movie eventually inspired me to think: Although the triplets had lots of similarities, they are unique and independent individuals, and their destiny should not be artificially intervened.

小罗伯特实验

When we study the history of scientific development, we always admire the achievements of predecessors and ignore the inappropriate methods and sacrifices for those results. For example, John B. Watson’s “Little Albert” Experiment, Monster Study conducted by Wendell Johnson, The Aversion Project led by Dr. Aubrey Levin. All the experiments are unethical and had terrible impact on those participants’ minds. These tragedies stem from scientists’ neglect and ignorance. People always identify the problem after they found the seriousness.

Luckily, in 1953, APA (American Psychological Association) first published the Ethics Codes. After nine versions revised, psychologists use this CODE today to guide experimenting when dealing with ethical dilemmas.

飞越疯人院剧照

Despite the Ethics Code, evil is still alive. In addition to research psychology, in 2009, there is a Chinese “clinical psychiatrist” named Yongxin Yang implements electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) for the treatment of adolescent internet addiction. Nearly 6000 teenagers in China claimed they received terrible treatment and Yang deceived them to have psychotropic drugs. Recently in 2016, the hospital was still in operation. a person posted his experience at Yang’s Hospital on the Internet. He mentioned that the patient was forced to obey the doctors, and the “low-frequency pulse therapy” was painful than the ECT. The most ridiculous thing is that parents actively sent their children to Yang’s hospital and paid nearly $805 a month for the therapy. I can't imagine how those teenagers experienced panic and pain while they were being treated.

In the theater where I watched Three Identical Strangers, 3 out of 4 audiences were seniors. I guess most audiences probably already know the story before watching this documentary. Maybe some of them used to be the participants of the similarity study just like the triplets on the screen.

Ultimately, Justice is sometimes late, but never absent.

本篇首发个人blog：//movifann.wordpress.com/2018/07/10/three-identical-strangers/#more-86

很有电影感，纪录片和电影相结合，里面的情节引人入胜。 不过还是想说下看完后的感受。 最重要的一点，我也很想看2066年后的研究结果，想看看他们究竟研究的是什么，不过2066年我估计不在了。 对于人来说，是先天重要，还是后天的培养环境呢？这是我们一直在讨论的问题。还记得去年发生“母亲欲割肝救子，结果发现孩子不是亲生的”这个新闻，闹的沸沸扬扬的，似乎这两个抱错的小孩家庭成长背景也相互调换了，一个中产，一个家庭情况稍微没那么好。 看网友评论说，有个小孩狼心狗肺啥的，是遗传劣质的基因。 这，可以这么说吗？我不认为，很多事情是由各方的综合因素所形成的，而不是单一的。 我本来觉得是后天影响比较大，可是现在回想所看到的，所经历的，相互结合吧。 还有最近看《如父如子》，也是孩子被抱错，里面发生的事，但这是小说。

话说还是很想看到研究结果，想看看他们为啥隐瞒，想看看到底研究出个啥玩意。影片中，他们都有提到过，有个精神不大好的生母，而采访的那两组双胞胎，都曾或多或少地患过精神疾病。虽然里面有个研究员说他们研究的不是这个，但这样本是不是也太巧合了？

还有家庭因素，后天影响，好像确实是决定他们三胞胎后面的走向。但，这也是只是影片所呈现给我们看到的。

科学和伦理道德，这两样，真的很难呐

同卵三生子→三个家庭→Louise Wise Services →Dr Neubauer →私人基金会和华府 从头到尾: 体验奇妙→经历狂欢→发现黑暗→超越疯狂 生存条件、教养方式、家庭成员、社会环境都是被精心计划和安排好的，非自然选择，非自由意志，被观察被记录被分析被研究。通过掌控几对同卵双生子的命运以及牺牲掉几个家庭的知情权，以便使主试在探索人类永恒课题的时候可以获得一劳永逸的结论。 “我深信因为这项研究，这三个男孩没有幸福的结局” 这项实验之不人道，堪比华生对小阿尔伯特所为，即便在五六十年代是被包容的，从任何角度看，“玩弄人类都是错误的”；但过程和结果也确实很有吸引力，无论是在当时还是现下，尤其是封存档案中那些被删减的内容随着Dr Neubauer 的离世被永远带进坟墓，成为人们最想探知又无法再次触碰的部分。 它是不朽的，是唯一不可复制的，同时也将永远遭受质问和谴责